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Danish Tejn, Bornholm
Bornholm (IPA: [b̥ʌnˈhʌlˀm]) (Old Norse: Burgundarholm) is a Danish island in
the Baltic Sea. It also refers to Bornholm Regional Municipality, the
municipality (Danish: kommune) which covers the entire island and some smaller
islands in its proximity. Bornholm was one of the three last Danish
municipalities not belonging to a County— the others being Copenhagen and
Frederiksberg. On 1 January 2007, the municipality lost its county privileges
and became part of Region Hovedstaden (i.e. the Copenhagen Capital Region).
The island is located to the east of (most of) Denmark, the south of Sweden, and
the north of Poland. The main industries on the island include fishing, arts and
crafts like glass making and pottery using locally worked clay, and dairy
farming. Tourism is important during the summer.
The small islands Ertholmene are located 18 km (11 miles) to the northeast of
Bornholm.
Strategically located in the Baltic Sea, Bornholm has been a bone of contention
usually ruled by Denmark, but also by Lübeck and Sweden. The castle ruin
Hammershus, on the northwestern tip of the island, gives testimony to its
strategic importance, as the island is home to the largest fortress in northern
Europe.
Language
Many inhabitants speak bornholmsk, a dialect of Danish that retains three
grammatical genders, like Icelandic and Norwegian, but unlike standard Danish.
Its phonology includes archaisms (unstressed [a] and internal {{[d̥, g̊]}},
where other dialects have [ə] and [ð̞, ʊ / ɪ]) and innovations ([tɕ, dʝ] for
[kʰ, g̊] before and after front-tongue vowels), which renders the dialect
difficult to understand for most other Danes.
Due to the low prestige of the dialect, the younger generation tends to speak
standard Copenhagen Danish. Its low status may have to do with the much-reviled
politician Mogens Glistrup, who speaks a characteristic bornholmsk.[citation
needed]
Municipality
Unofficial flag of Bornholm.Bornholm Regional Municipality is the local
authority (Danish, kommune) covering the entire island. It comprises the five
former municipalities on the island (Allinge-Gudhjem, Hasle, Nexø, Rønne and
Aakirkeby) and the former Bornholm County. The seat of the municipal council is
the island's main town, Rønne. The first regional mayor is Bjarne Kristiansen.
Ferry services connect Rønne to Świnoujście (Poland), Sassnitz (Germany), Køge
(Denmark) and Ystad (Sweden). Simrishamn (Sweden) has a ferry connection during
the summer. There are also regular catamaran services between Nexø and the
Polish ports of Kolobrzeg, Leba and Ustka.
Bornholm Regional Municipality was not merged with other municipalities on
January 1, 2007 as the result of the nationwide Kommunalreformen ("The Municipal
Reform" of 2007), which is quite understandable, since the island, as can be
seen on maps, is quite far from the rest of Denmark.
History
Hammershus Ruin.In Old Norse the island was known as Borgundarholm, and in
ancient Danish especially the island's name was Borghand or Borghund; these
names were related to Old Norse borg "height" and bjarg/berg "mountain, rock",
as it is an island that rises high from the sea.[1] Other names known for the
island include Burgendaland (9th century), Hulmo / Holmus (Adam of Bremen),
Burgundehulm (1145), and Borghandæholm (14th century).[2] Alfred the Great uses
the form Burgenda land.[3] Some scholars[4] believe that the Burgundians are
named after Bornholm; the Burgundians were a Germanic tribe which moved west
when the western Roman Empire collapsed, and occupied and named Burgundy in
France.
Landsat satellite photo
Wind mill in Gudhjem, BornholmBornholm formed part of the historical Lands of
Denmark when the nation united out of a series of petty chiefdoms. It was
originally administratively part of the province of Scania and was administered
by the Scanian Law after this was codified in the 13th century. Control over the
island evolved into a long-raging dispute between the See of Lund and the Danish
crown culminating in several battles. The first fortress on the island was
Gamleborg which was replaced by Lilleborg, built by the king in 1150. In 1149,
the king accepted the transfer of three of the island's four herreder to the
archbishop. In 1250, the archbishop constructed his own fortress, Hammershus. A
campaign launched from it in 1259 conquered the remaining part of the island
including Lilleborg. The island's status remained a matter of dispute for an
additional 200 years.
Bornholm was pawned to Lübeck for 50 years starting 1525. Its first militia,
Bornholms Milits was formed in 1624.
Swedish forces conquered the island in 1645, but returned the island to Denmark
in the following peace settlement. After the war in 1658, Denmark ceded the
island to Sweden along with the rest of the Scanian provinces and Trøndelag and
it was occupied by Swedish forces.
A revolt broke out the same year, culminating in Villum Clausen's shooting of
the Swedish commander Johan Printzensköld on December 8, 1658.[1] Following the
revolt, a deputation of islanders presented the island as a gift to King
Frederick III on the condition that the island would never be ceded again. This
status was confirmed in the following peace settlement (1660).
A immigration of Swedes, notably from Småland or Skåne, occurred during the 19th
century, seeking work and better conditions. Most of these people did not remain
on the island.
Bornholm, as a part of Denmark, was captured by Germany relatively early in the
Second World War, and served as a lookout post and listening station during the
war. The island's perfect central position in the Baltic Sea meant that it was
an important "natural fortress" between Germany and Sweden, effectively keeping
submarines and destroyers away from Nazi occupied waters. Several concrete
coastal installations were built during the war, and several coastal batteries
had tremendous range. However, none of them were ever used and only a single
test shot was fired during the occupation. These remnants of Nazi rule have
since then fallen into disrepair and are mostly regarded today as historical
curiosities. Many tourists visit the ruins each year, however, providing
supplemental income to the tourist industry.
Rønne, Bornholm.On 22 August 1943 a rocket (numbered V83, probably launched from
a Heinkel He 111) crashed on Bornholm as part of a test - the warhead was a
dummy made of concrete. This was photographed or sketched by the Danish Naval
Officer-in-Charge on Bornholm, Lieutenant Commander Hasager Christiansen. This
was the first sign British Intelligence saw of Germany's aspirations to develop
flying bombs and rockets - which were to become known as V1 and V2.
Bornholm was heavily bombarded by Soviet forces in May 1945. Gerhard von Kamptz,
the German superior officer in charge of the island garrison refused to
surrender to Soviets, as his orders were to surrender to the Allied Forces. The
Germans sent several telegrams to Copenhagen requesting that at least one
British soldier should be transferred to Bornholm, so that the Germans could
surrender to the western allied forces instead of the Russians. When von Kamptz
failed to provide a written capitulation as demanded by the Soviet commanders,
several Soviet aircraft relentlessly bombed and destroyed more than 800 civilian
houses in Rønne and Nexø and seriously damaged roughly 3000 more during 7-8 May
1945. On May 9 Soviet troop landed the island and after a short fight the German
garrison (about 12,000 strong [5]) did surrender.[6] Soviet forces left the
island on April 5, 1946.
More recently NATO radar installations have been placed on the island.
A Russian (Soviet) declaration after World War II stated that the placement of
"foreign soldiers" (i.e., NATO forces) on Bornholm would be considered a
declaration of war against Russia, and that Denmark should keep troops on it at
all times to protect it from foreign aggression. This caused diplomatic problems
at least twice: once when an American helicopter landed outside the city of
Svaneke due to engine problems in a NATO exercise over the Baltic Sea, and once
(sometime between 1999 and 2003) when the Danish government suggested shutting
down Almegårdens Kaserne, the local military facility, since "the island could
quickly be protected by troops from surrounding areas and has no strategic
importance after the fall of the Iron Curtain".
Historical architecture
Ruins of Hammershus, a Medieval fortress.The island is home to 15 medieval
churches, four of which are round and display unique artwork and architecture.
The island also hosts some notable examples of 19th and early 20th century
architecture, amongst others, about 300 wooden houses in Rønne and Nexø, donated
by Sweden after the World War II, when the island was repairing war damages.
Famous people
The Danish painter Oluf Høst was born in Svaneke in 1884.
The Danish writer and painter Gustaf Munch-Petersen moved to Bornholm in 1935
and married Lise Hjort while living on the island.
At the age of 8 socialist writer Martin Andersen Nexø moved to the island, and
adopted the last name Nexø from the city Nexø at the east coast of the island.
Famous pipe-organ builder and manufacturer, M.P. Möller was born on the Island
of Bornholm and lived in a town a few miles south of Allinge.
References in popular culture
A considerable part of the Second World War spy thriller Hornet Flight by Ken
Follett takes place on Bornholm, depicting the island under German occupation.
In 2000, the book The Templars' Secret Island by theorists Henry Lincoln (famous
for co-writing Holy Blood, Holy Grail) and Erling Haagensen described several
observations about the island. Some of these involved claims of apparent
geometry, such as that Haagensen in Bornholms Mysterium from 1992 had discovered
that geometry related to the island's four round churches could be marked on a
map to define a hexagonal geometry. Lincoln and Haagensen's Secret Island book
claims that the Bornholm geometry is man-made, was created around the time of
the emergence of the Knights Templar during the early Crusades in 1188-1250 AD,
required measurement technology that was not known to have been used in Europe
before the 17th century (but with accuracy known to Hellenistic Greece 300 BC),
and that the churches' true original function may have been as medieval
astronomical observatories. The conclusions in Secret Island are controversial,
and have not been supported by academic historians. Critics point out that there
is no record of medieval astronomical observatories in Europe, no record of the
Templars ever being involved in scientific research of that nature, and in fact
never any record of Templars even having a presence in Scandinavia, even in the
long list of Templar accusations generated by the investigators of the
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